Absolutist approaches to ethics are grounded in the belief that certain moral values, duties, or principles are universally valid and unchanging, regardless of the situation or cultural context. According to this perspective, moral rules apply to all people at all times, and actions are judged as right or wrong based on their intrinsic qualities rather than on their outcomes.
Under absolutist thinking, moral principles are followed for their own sake, not because they produce desirable consequences. Supporters of this view argue that some actions possess an inherent moral status — they are either fundamentally right or fundamentally wrong — and therefore must be upheld consistently.
Core Features of Absolutist Ethics
- Universality: Moral principles are applicable in every situation, without exception.
- Intrinsic moral value: The morality of an action is based on the action itself, not its results.
- Fixed standards: Ethical standards remain constant across cultures, societies, and time.
- Moral certainty: Clear rules help guide behaviour and reduce ambiguity in decision-making.
Examples of Absolutist Moral Principles
Absolutist approaches often draw upon long-standing moral traditions or universally recognised duties. Examples include:
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The belief that it is always wrong to take a human life.
This principle reflects the view that human life has inherent value and must always be protected. Under absolutism, circumstances such as intent or consequences do not change the moral judgement. -
The belief that it is always wrong to lie.
Honesty and truthfulness are seen as moral virtues that must be upheld in every context. Even if lying could produce a positive outcome, absolutism considers it inherently wrong. -
The view that it is always wrong to steal or cheat.
These actions violate moral duties relating to fairness, respect, and integrity. -
The belief that discrimination is always morally unacceptable.
Absolutists argue that wrongdoing does not depend on social norms or personal opinions — discrimination is morally wrong regardless of context.
Deontological Ethics as an Absolutist Framework
A major form of absolutist ethics is deontological ethics, most commonly associated with the philosopher Immanuel Kant. Deontological theories assert that:
- Individuals have absolute moral duties, such as the duty to tell the truth, keep promises, and respect the autonomy of others.
- An action is morally right when it aligns with these duties.
- The moral worth of an action is determined by its adherence to duty, not by its consequences.
For deontologists, following moral rules is an expression of rationality, respect, and moral integrity. Even if breaking a rule might lead to beneficial outcomes, doing so is still considered morally wrong.
Absolutism vs Relativism
Absolutist ethics contrasts sharply with relativist approaches. Relativism holds that:
- Moral values are shaped by culture, society, or personal beliefs.
- What is considered morally right can vary depending on context.
- No single set of moral principles applies universally.
While absolutism provides clarity and consistency, relativism provides flexibility and acknowledges cultural diversity. Ethical debates often arise from the tension between these two perspectives.
