Knowledge Base
Explore clear, reliable explanations of key concepts across accounting, finance, and business. Designed for ACCA and CMA students — and anyone wanting to understand essential syllabus topics — this Knowledge Base helps you grasp complex ideas quickly and build stronger foundations.
Data and information
Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures collected through observation, measurement, or research. On its own, data has limited...
Books of prime entry
Books of prime entry (also known as books of original entry) are the first accounting records used to capture business...
Boundaryless organizations
A boundaryless organisation is a modern organisational design that removes traditional barriers such as rigid hierarchies, departmental silos, and geographical...
Buchanan and Huczynski's definition of organizations
Buchanan and Huczynski’s definition of organizations as “social arrangements for the controlled performance of collective goals” is a concise and...
Budgets: Definition, Advantages and Disadvantages
A budget is a detailed financial plan that sets out an organisation’s expected revenues and expenditures over a defined period—typically...
Business ethics
Business ethics refers to the moral principles, values and standards that guide the behaviour of individuals and organisations in the...
Centralization and decentralization
Centralization and decentralization describe how decision-making authority is distributed within an organization, shaping how power, control, and responsibility flow across...
Cloud computing
Cloud computing is a model for delivering computing services—including storage, processing, networking, software, analytics, intelligence, and more—over the Internet (the...
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Insights & updates
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Ideas are easy. Execution is everything.
In our professional exams we spend a lot of time analysing strategy. We learn about competitive advantage, Porter’s Five Forces,...
The future Auditor: human, not mechanical...
For decades, the early years of an audit career followed a familiar pattern. New graduates joined a Big Four firm,...
The business case for a €2 view
Rome has introduced a €2 fee to access the main viewing area of the Trevi Fountain, one of the most...
Cash Flow: The Silent Killer of Growing Companies
When businesses fail, the reason is often misunderstood. Many people assume companies collapse because they aren’t profitable. In reality, far...